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In an earlier tutorial we talked about file I/O functions and the use of text files. In this C programming tutorial we are going to talk about the use of binary files.
Binary files
Binary files are very similar to arrays of structures, except the structures are in a disk-file rather than an array in memory. Binary files have two features that distinguish them from text files:
- You can instantly use any structure in the file.
- You can change the contents of a structure anywhere in the file.
After you have opened the binary file, you can read and write a structure or seek a specific position in the file. A file position indicator points to record 0 when the file is opened.
A read operation reads the structure where the file position indicator is pointing to. After reading the structure the pointer is moved to point at the next structure.
A write operation will write to the currently pointed-to structure. After the write operation the file position indicator is moved to point at the next structure.
The fseek function will move the file position indicator to the record that is requested.
Remember that you keep track of things, because the file position indicator can not only point at the beginning of a structure, but can also point to any byte in the file.
The fread and fwrite function takes four parameters:
- A memory address
- Number of bytes to read per block
- Number of blocks to read
- A file variable
For example:
This fread statement says to read x bytes (size of rec) from the file ptr_myfile into memory address &my_record. Only one block is requested. Changing the one into ten will read in ten blocks of x bytes at once.
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Let's look at a write example:
In this example we declare a structure rec with the members x,y and z of the type integer. In the main function we open (fopen) a file for writing (w). Then we check if the file is open, if not, an error message is displayed and we exit the program. In the 'for loop' we fill the structure member x with a number. Then we write the record to the file. We do this ten times, thus creating ten records. After writing the ten records, we will close the file (don't forget this).
So now we have written to a file, let's read from the file we have just created. Take a look at the example:
The only two lines that are changed are the two lines in the 'for loop'. With the fread we read-in the records (one by one). After we have read the record we print the member x (of that record).
The only thing we need to explain is the fseek option. The function fseek must be declared like this:
The fseek function sets the file position indicator for the stream pointed to by the stream. The new position, measured in characters from the beginning of the file, is obtained by adding offset to the position specified by whence. Three macros are declared in stdio.h called: SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR and SEEK_END.
If the position declared by whence is SEEK_SET, then the position is the beginning of the file.
The SEEK_END can be used if you want to go to the end of the file. (Using negative numbers it is possible to move from the end of the file.)
Jubilee enterprise. If whence is SEEK_CUR then the position is set, x bytes, from the current position.
Let's take a look at an example:
In this example we are using fseek to seek the last record in the file. This record we read with fread statement and with the printf statement we print member x of the structure my_record. As you can see the 'for loop' also changed. The 'for loop' will now countdown to zero. This counter is then used in the fseek statement to set the file pointer at the desired record. The result is that we read-in the records in the reverse order.
This fread statement says to read x bytes (size of rec) from the file ptr_myfile into memory address &my_record. Only one block is requested. Changing the one into ten will read in ten blocks of x bytes at once.
Unity C 2b 2b Source Code Download Free Windows 10
Let's look at a write example:
In this example we declare a structure rec with the members x,y and z of the type integer. In the main function we open (fopen) a file for writing (w). Then we check if the file is open, if not, an error message is displayed and we exit the program. In the 'for loop' we fill the structure member x with a number. Then we write the record to the file. We do this ten times, thus creating ten records. After writing the ten records, we will close the file (don't forget this).
So now we have written to a file, let's read from the file we have just created. Take a look at the example:
The only two lines that are changed are the two lines in the 'for loop'. With the fread we read-in the records (one by one). After we have read the record we print the member x (of that record).
The only thing we need to explain is the fseek option. The function fseek must be declared like this:
The fseek function sets the file position indicator for the stream pointed to by the stream. The new position, measured in characters from the beginning of the file, is obtained by adding offset to the position specified by whence. Three macros are declared in stdio.h called: SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR and SEEK_END.
If the position declared by whence is SEEK_SET, then the position is the beginning of the file.
The SEEK_END can be used if you want to go to the end of the file. (Using negative numbers it is possible to move from the end of the file.)
Jubilee enterprise. If whence is SEEK_CUR then the position is set, x bytes, from the current position.
Let's take a look at an example:
In this example we are using fseek to seek the last record in the file. This record we read with fread statement and with the printf statement we print member x of the structure my_record. As you can see the 'for loop' also changed. The 'for loop' will now countdown to zero. This counter is then used in the fseek statement to set the file pointer at the desired record. The result is that we read-in the records in the reverse order.
A last note: if you set the file position indicator to a position in a file and you want the first position in a file then you can use the function rewind to the first position in the file. The function rewind can be used like this:
With the fseek statement in this example we go to the end of the file. Then we rewind to first position in the file. Then read-in all records and print the value of member x. Without the rewind you will get garbage. (Try it!)
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That is all for this tutorial.
